VAT Calculator

How to Use

1. Choose a mode: Add VAT if you know the price before tax, or Remove VAT if you know the price including tax.
2. Enter the amount: The net (ex-VAT) price when adding VAT, or the gross (inc-VAT) price when removing it.
3. Set the VAT rate: Click a country preset or type any rate, for example 20 for 20% VAT.
4. Read the results: The net amount, VAT amount and gross amount update instantly. Pick a currency symbol if you want it shown.

The presets are the standard rate of each country. For goods and services taxed at a reduced or zero rate, type that rate yourself (the UK 5% preset is included for convenience). See the rates table below and check your tax authority for the rate that applies to your product.

What You'll Discover

• Net amount — the price before VAT. When you add VAT this is the number you typed; when you remove VAT it is the price with the tax taken out.
• VAT amount — the tax itself, rounded to the nearest penny or cent.
• Gross amount — the price including VAT. Net plus VAT always equals gross exactly, so the three figures never disagree by a penny.
• VAT as a share of the gross price — for a 20% rate this is 16.67%, not 20%. It shows why a VAT-inclusive price cannot be corrected by simply taking off the rate.

Negative amounts (for example a credit note) give negative results, and a 0% rate gives a VAT amount of zero. If the amount or rate is blank, or the rate is outside 0–100, the results show a dash instead of a wrong number.

How VAT Is Added and Removed

VAT is a percentage of the net price. That is why the maths depends on which price you start from: to add VAT you multiply, and to remove it you divide. Subtracting a percentage of the gross price gives the wrong answer.

Add VAT: Gross = Net × (1 + Rate / 100)    VAT = Net × Rate / 100

Remove VAT: Net = Gross ÷ (1 + Rate / 100)    VAT = Gross × Rate / (100 + Rate)

For a 20% rate, £100 net becomes £120 gross. Going the other way, £120 gross becomes £100 net with £20 of VAT. But £100 gross at 20% is not £80 plus £20: it is £83.33 net plus £16.67 VAT, because the VAT was calculated on the smaller net price.

The last column is Rate ÷ (100 + Rate). It is the fraction of any VAT-inclusive price that is tax, and it is the quickest way to pull VAT out of a gross figure. The same percentage arithmetic powers the percentage increase calculator, since adding VAT is simply increasing a price by the VAT rate.

How the calculator rounds

The VAT amount is rounded to the nearest penny (or cent), and the other figure is then found by addition or subtraction so that net + VAT = gross exactly. Invoicing software can round at line level or invoice level, so a total from your accounting system may differ from this tool by a penny on multi-line invoices.

VAT Rates by Country

Each country sets its own VAT rates. EU rules require a standard rate of at least 15% and let member states add a limited number of reduced rates, so the figure varies from one country to the next (European Commission). The table lists the standard rate used by each calculator preset, with reduced rates as published by each tax authority, checked November 2026.

Not tax advice. Rates and the goods they apply to change, and special regions or schemes can differ. Always confirm the rate for your product or service with your tax authority before you invoice. For GST-style taxes in other countries, the GST calculator uses the same add-or-remove approach with its own rates.

Net, Gross, Zero-Rated and Exempt

Three words appear on almost every VAT invoice. The net price is the amount before VAT, the VAT is the tax, and the gross price is what the customer pays. Prices shown to consumers are usually gross, while businesses often quote each other net, because VAT-registered buyers can normally reclaim it.

In the UK, GOV.UK describes three rates: standard (20%), reduced (5%) and zero. It also lists exempt supplies such as postage stamps, financial transactions and property transactions (VAT rates). The difference matters: a zero-rated supply still has VAT accounted for at 0%, so it appears on invoices and returns, whereas an exempt supply cannot have VAT charged at all (GOV.UK: VAT for businesses). For the calculator, a zero-rated price is simply a 0% rate.

Reclaiming and registering

A VAT-registered business can reclaim VAT on items bought for use in the business, but not on personal-use items or goods used to make exempt supplies, and it needs a valid VAT invoice to do so (GOV.UK: VAT records). UK registration is required once taxable turnover in the last 12 months goes over £90,000, or is expected to within the next 30 days; the deregistration threshold is £88,000 (GOV.UK: register for VAT). Thresholds are reviewed by governments, so check the current figure.

VAT, discounts and profit

When you price a sale, a discount reduces the net price and VAT is then worked out on the reduced figure. Use the discount calculator to find the sale price first, then add VAT here. VAT is collected for the government, so it is not part of your own revenue or profit.

How Much VAT Is There If...

How much VAT is on £100 at 20%?

Adding 20% VAT to £100 gives £20.00 of VAT and a total of £120.00. The sum is £100 × 20 ÷ 100 = £20, and £100 + £20 = £120. Choose Add VAT, enter 100 and click the UK 20% preset.

How much VAT is in £120 if the price already includes 20% VAT?

£20.00 of the £120 is VAT, which leaves a net price of £100.00. Use £120 × 20 ÷ 120 = £20, or divide £120 by 1.20 to get £100 and subtract. Choose Remove VAT in the calculator to see both figures.

What is the price without VAT if I paid £250 including 20% VAT?

The net price is £208.33 and the VAT is £41.67. £250 ÷ 1.20 = £208.33 to the nearest penny, and £250 − £208.33 = £41.67. The figures add back to exactly £250.

How much is €1,000 with 19% German VAT?

€1,000 plus 19% VAT is €1,190, which includes €190 of VAT. Working back from €1,190, the net is €1,000 and the VAT is €1,190 × 19 ÷ 119 = €190. Germany's standard rate is set in § 12 Abs. 1 UStG.

How much is £200 with the UK 5% reduced rate?

£200 plus 5% VAT is £210.00, including £10.00 of VAT. Click the UK 5% preset to try it. The 5% rate applies only to the goods and services that GOV.UK lists as reduced rate, such as children's car seats and home energy, so confirm your item first.

How much VAT is in 1,000 kr if the price includes 25% Swedish VAT?

1,000 kr including 25% VAT contains 200 kr of VAT, so the net price is 800 kr. The check is 800 × 1.25 = 1,000. The same 25% general rate is used in Norway, so the working is identical there.

What if the VAT rate is 0%?

At 0% the VAT amount is zero and the gross price equals the net price. £100 stays £100 with £0.00 VAT. This is how zero-rated sales are treated in the calculator, and the VAT share of the gross price shows 0%.

What if I take 20% off a £120 price to remove VAT?

You would get £96 instead of the correct £100. 20% of £120 is £24, and £120 − £24 = £96. That is wrong because the 20% VAT was charged on the net price, not on £120. Divide by 1.20 instead.

What if the price is £99.99 at 20% VAT?

£99.99 plus 20% VAT is £119.99, with VAT of £20.00. The exact VAT is £19.998, which rounds to £20.00 at the nearest penny. The calculator rounds the VAT and then adds, so the displayed figures always sum correctly.

What if the amount is negative, like a credit note?

A negative amount gives negative net, VAT and gross figures. For example, −£120 including 20% VAT is −£100 net with −£20 VAT. This lets you check a refund or credit note against the original invoice.

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How to calculate VAT backwards (reverse VAT)

Multiply the gross price by the rate and divide by 100 plus the rate: VAT = Gross × Rate ÷ (100 + Rate). For £60 including 20% VAT, £60 × 20 ÷ 120 = £10 of VAT, leaving a net price of £50. Select Remove VAT in the tool to do this automatically.

How to work out 20% VAT in your head

For 20% VAT, take one fifth of the net price, or one sixth of the VAT-inclusive price. A net price of £85.50 has £85.50 ÷ 5 = £17.10 of VAT. A gross price of £36 has £36 ÷ 6 = £6 of VAT, so the net is £30. Both shortcuts only work at exactly 20%.

VAT-inclusive vs VAT-exclusive price

A VAT-inclusive (gross) price already contains the tax, while a VAT-exclusive (net) price does not. £120 inclusive and £100 exclusive are the same price at a 20% rate. Always check which one a quote uses before you compare suppliers or add tax a second time.

Do I need to register for VAT in the UK?

You must register if your taxable turnover goes over £90,000 in the last 12 months, or you expect it to within the next 30 days. This is the figure on GOV.UK at the time of review, and you can ask to deregister if turnover falls below £88,000 (GOV.UK). Thresholds change, and other countries use different rules.

Which goods are zero-rated, reduced-rate or exempt in the UK?

GOV.UK gives most food and children's clothes as zero-rated examples, children's car seats and home energy as 5% examples, and postage stamps, financial transactions and property transactions as exempt examples. The full lists are detailed and have exceptions, so check GOV.UK for your specific product.

Is VAT the same as GST?

VAT and GST are both consumption taxes added as a percentage of the net price, so the add and remove arithmetic is identical. What differs is the rate and the rules in each country. Use the GST calculator for GST rates, or type any rate into this tool.

Frequently Asked Questions